Historical Calendar

20 March

2007-03-20T12:13:00.000+08:00

1596

King Felipe II gives the city of Manila a second coat-of-arms. It is more to the liking of the Spaniards than the first.

1784

Gov.-Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas issues a decree forbidding the confiscation of farmers' lands, carabaos, and farm implements by creditors, as well as the farmer's arrest or imprisonment while planting or harvesting their crops.

1896

Andres Bonifacio decrees that all town presidents of the Katipunan districts must hand in their collections to their respective provincial presidents who, in turn, must submit them to the supreme government of the Katipunan.

1899

Commanded by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, 25,000 well-armed revolutionary troops construct trenches at Marilao. His disciplined soldiers keep an impressive line of defense that stretches all the way from Marilao to Malolos.
In Malolos, Bulacan, “El Heraldo Filipino,” a newspaper of the Philippine Revolutionary Government, publishes the letter of Premier Apolinario Mabini to Don Galicano Apacible, chairman of the Filipino Junta in Hongkong. It reads in part: "The American soldiers, with their variety of arms, up to now cannot be said to have surpassed us in strength; and although they have made gains, they had difficulty in obtaining them. They will try to capture Malolos, believing perhaps that once Malolos falls, the war will end; not thinking that this is as great a mistake as in the case of the other territories they have captured. The people greatly desire to use guerrilla warfare in the hope of infiltrating the provinces. Since they are more or less scattered, it will be easy to destroy (the Americans), troop by troop.”

1900

Gen. Manuel Tinio orders the execution of all revolutionary officials who fail to report to the nearest guerrilla commander the movements and plans of the American imperialist troops.

12 November

2006-11-10T22:41:00.000+08:00

1611

The King orders Governor Silva to restrain, as prudently as possible, the arrogance of the religious; to check evasions of commercial laws and to pass certain regulations regarding the Mexican trade; to continue to forbid the Japanese from residing the islands; and to stop the military training of Filipinos.

1751

Death Fray Juan Arrechederra who became Governor in September 21, 1745, quelled the insurrection in Batangas, and fortified Manila and Cavite against the English.

1835

At the first meeting of the second session of the Spanish Cortes, D. Juan Francisco Lecaros and D. Andres Garcia Camba, representatitives-elect from the Philippines, present their credentials.

1839

Birth of Mariano Sevilla, clergyman, educator, religious writer, founder of the Colegio de la Sagrada Familia, publisher editor of El Catolico Filipino, in Sta. Ines, Bulacan, Bulacan. Died on November 23, 1923.

1889

The Becerra law, named after the overseas Minister (Ministro de Ultramar), is approved. It gives to the towns of Cebu, Iloilo, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan the right to organize Ayuntamiento similar to those of the municipalities of Spain.

1898

A provisional government is established by the inhabitants in Negros with Aniceto Lacson, President; and Jose Luis Luzuriaga, Vice-President; and Jose Luis Luzuriaga, Vice-President of the Congress in Negros.

1899

Tarlac is captured by the American forces.

A council of war is held at Bayambang, Pangasinan, to decide the continuation of the Philippine-American War through guerilla warfare. It is attended by General Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipino military leaders.

1943

The U.S. Congress passes Joint Resolution No. 25 extending the terms of office of the President and Vice-President of the Commonwealth until the President of the United States shall have proclaimed the restoration of constitutional processes and the normal functions of the government in the Philippines.

10 November

2006-11-10T22:24:00.000+08:00

1871

Birth of Juan Cailles, soldier, politician, in Nasugbu, Batangas. Died on June 28, 1951.

1896

Candido Tria Tirona, revolutionary general, secretary of war in the Magdalo revolutionary council, dies in action during the Battle of Binakayan, at Kawit, Cavite.

1899

Filipinas Ante Europa, a newspaper published in Madrid with Isabelo de los Reyes as editor, comes out for the first time.

1900

Lt. Colonel John S. Mallory, military attaché in Peking reports to the Secretary of War that the Hongkong Committee has, as of October 1900, the following arms ready for delivery to the Philippine Government: 5,000 rifles, 2,000 revolvers, 3,000 swords, 50,000 rounds of ammunition, thirty guns, four tons of gunpowder, and 100 bombs.

1902

Puerto Galera is made capital of the province of Mindoro by Public Act No. 500.

Captain Robert G. Ofley is appointed first American Civil Governor of Mindoro.

Public Act No. 499 is passed by the Philippine Commission annexing the province of Marinduque to the province of Tayabas.

1906

The Governor-General is authorized to free prisoners on parole.

8 November

2006-11-10T17:05:00.000+08:00

1616

Fr. Bernardo de Santa Catalina, one of the first Dominican missionaries who arrived in Manila, dies in Lal-loc, Nueva Segovia.

1762

British forces capture Pasig after occupying Manila.

1899

San Jose, Nueva Ecija is captured by the American troops without any resistance.

1947

The first election under the Republic is held for local officials and eight senators.

12 November

2006-11-10T16:32:00.000+08:00

1611

The King orders Governor Silva to restrain, as prudently as possible, the arrogance of the religious; to check evasions of commercial laws and to pass certain regulations regarding the Mexican trade; to continue to forbid the Japanese from residing the islands; and to stop the military training of Filipinos.

1751

Death Fray Juan Arrechederra who became Governor in September 21, 1745, quelled the insurrection in Batangas, and fortified Manila and Cavite against the English.

1835

At the first meeting of the second session of the Spanish Cortes, D. Juan Francisco Lecaros and D. Andres Garcia Camba, representatitives-elect from the Philippines, present their credentials.

1839

Birth of Mariano Sevilla, clergyman, educator, religious writer, founder of the Colegio de la Sagrada Familia, publisher editor of El Catolico Filipino, in Sta. Ines, Bulacan, Bulacan. Died on November 23, 1923.

1889

The Becerra law, named after the overseas Minister (Ministro de Ultramar), is approved. It gives to the towns of Cebu, Iloilo, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan the right to organize Ayuntamiento similar to those of the municipalities of Spain.

1898

A provisional government is established by the inhabitants in Negros with Aniceto Lacson, President; and Jose Luis Luzuriaga, Vice-President; and Jose Luis Luzuriaga, Vice-President of the Congress in Negros.

1899

Tarlac is captured by the American forces.
A council of war is held at Bayambang, Pangasinan, to decide the continuation of the Philippine-American War through guerilla warfare. It is attended by General Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipino military leaders.

1943

The U.S. Congress passes Joint Resolution No. 25 extending the terms of office of the President and Vice-President of the Commonwealth until the President of the United States shall have proclaimed the restoration of constitutional processes and the normal functions of the government in the Philippines.

11 November

2006-11-10T15:07:00.000+08:00

1779

Fray Miguel Garcia, Bishop of Nueva Segovia, dies at Vigan.

1849

Governor Narciso Claveria decrees a change of Filipino surnames to Spanish surnames

1858

Birth of General Martin Teofilo Delgado, revolutionary leader in Visayas and Mindanao, in Santa Barbara, Iloilo. Died on November 12, 1918.

1896

General Aguinaldo repulses the Spanish forces in the Battle of Binakayan, Kawit, Cavite. It was one of the greatest victories won by the Filipinos during the Revolution.

1902

A commission is created to secure, organize and conduct an exhibit of Philippine products, manufactures, art, ethnology and education at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, in 1904.

1909

Inauguration of Governor-General William Cameron Forbes.

1941

Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña are re-elected President and Vice-President of the Philippines, respectively, in the Second Commonwealth election.

1944

The U.S. Carrier Task Force attacks Ormoc Bay, Leyte.

10 November

2006-11-10T14:57:00.000+08:00

9 November

2006-11-07T11:40:00.000+08:00

1774

King Charles II promulgates a royal ordering the secularization of all parishes as soon as they become vacant.

1827

Birth of Teodora Alonzo, mother of Dr. Jose Rizal. Died on August 23, 1991.

1855

Birth of General Mariano Llanera, revolutionary general, and leader of the "first cry of Neuva Ecija," in Cabiao Nueva Ecija. Died on September 19, 1942.

1861

Birth of Teodoro R. Yangco, shipping man, business magnate, philanthropist, in San Antonio, Zambales. Died April 20, 1939.

1892

Ramon Basa, second President of the Katipunan, is initiated into this organization, adopting the symbolic name Liwanag.

1926

Governor Leonard Wood abolishes the Board of Control on the ground that it is unconstitutional since its powers properly belong only to the Chief Executive.

1937

The Institute of National Language recommends Tagalog to the basis of the national language.

8 November

2006-11-07T11:13:00.000+08:00

7 November

2006-11-07T10:56:00.000+08:00

1751

Don Pedro Enriquez, an auditor of the Royal Audiencia of the Philippine Islands, reports what he has done for the pacification of the villages of Taguig, Hagonoy, Parañaque, Bacoor, Cavite Viejo, which revolted due to agrarian troubles: the proclamation of a general pardon and a promise that their complaints will be heard and justice done.

1891

La Ilustracion Filipina publishes its first issue with eight pages and a four-page cover, in two columns in cuarto. The founder is Jose de Zaragosa.

1898

The liberators of Negros, assembled in Bacolor, promulgate a constitution and establish the Provisional Revolutionary Government with Aniceto Lacson, President; Juan Araneta, Secretary of War; Eusebio Luzuriaga, Secretary of Treasury; Simeon Lizares, Secretary of Interior; Nicolas Golez, Secretary of Fomento; Antonio Jayme, Secretary of Justice; Agustin Amenablar, Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce; and Melecio Severino, Executive Secretary.

1899

General Lloyd Wheaton lands on Lingayen beach to cut off the retreat of General Emilio Aguinaldo.

1901

The Liberal Party meets in Manila affirming its annexationist policy.

1918

The Philippine Legislature passes a concurrent resolution creating a Commission of Independence for the purpose of studying ways and means of securing independence.

6 November

2005-11-11T14:37:00.000+08:00

1574

Rajah Lakandula, King of Tondo, and uncle of Soliman, leads an uprising protesting the Spaniards' ill-treatment of his countrymen.

1870

A decree is promulgated on the recommendation of the Minister of the Colonies, Segismundo Moret, creating the Philippine Institute, a school of secondary instruction and dissolving existing colleges, like San Juan de Letran, San Jose, Ateneo Municipal, Nautical Academy, and Academy of Design, Painting and Accounting and Languages which are to be merged with the new institute. The Normal School is to remain separate.

1898

In the house of Jose Luzuriaga in Bacolod, Negros Occidental, a group of Spaniards and Filipinos are gathered to write finis to Spanish rule in the province. They sign in capitulation papers of Bacolod, turning over the city to the Revolution.

1899

The Republic of Negros, which was formed on July 22, 1899, is inaugurated.

General Wheaton sets sail from Manila to Lingayen Gulf, with 2,500 men of the 13th Regular and 33rd Volunteer Infantry and lands the next day at San Fabian.

1902

The Court of Land Registration is established for the adjudication, registration and guaranteeing of land titles in the Philippines and new notarial system is instituted.

Pedro A. Paterno founds the Liberal Party.

1906

The majority of the seats in the provincial boards are made elective.

1934

Delegate Filemon Sotto reports the first drafts of the Constitution to the convention for its consideration.

5 November

2005-11-11T14:35:00.000+08:00

1698

Archbishop Camacho issues an order which specifies the fees to be collected for the administration of the sacraments.

1739

Governor Gaspar de la Torre lays the cornerstone of the Franciscan church in Sampaloc, Manila.

1762

A decree is issued by the British authorities declaring Anda and his followers to be rebels.

1786

A Royal decree is issued for the monopoly of gun-powder in the Philippines.

1805

The Governor of Zamboanga, Francisco Bayot, concludes a treaty of peace with Mohamad Ali Mudin, sultan of Jolo, in which the later agreed that foreigners cannot reside in his dominions without the consent of the Spanish government, and in case of war, that his port will be closed to enemies of Spain.

1897

Aguinaldo authorizes Pedro A. Paterno "to enter into harmonious relations with the Spanish government, giving him full powers to determine, fix, and receive the total sum of funds or values which the Spanish government will grant us."

1898

The Republic of Negros is proclaimed in the town of Bago by the Revolutionary forces led by General Juan Anacleto Araneta and Aniceto Lacson.

A telegram is received appraising the Filipino agents at Yokohama that arms are needed very badly by the Revolutionary Government.

1905

Governor Luke E. Wright leaves the Philippines.

1944

The U.S. Carrier Task Force attacks Luzon today and again on the 6th, 13th, 14th, 19th and 25th of this month.

Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States for the fourth time.

4 November

2005-11-11T14:34:00.000+08:00

1762

The British authorities issue a proclamation permitting the Filipino residents of Tondo (Manila) the free exercise of the Catholic religion, exempting them from the tribute and forced labor, and granting them other rights enjoyed by British subjects, on condition that they immediately renounce the allegiance they have pledged to Governor Anda.

1835

British of Lorenzo Guerrero, painter and teacher of the great Filipino masters of the 19th century, in Ermita, Manila. Died on April 8, 1904.

1841

Execution of Apolinario de la Cruz, religious leader and martyr.

1873

Birth of Jaime de Veyra, patriot, statesman, scholar and journalist, in Tanauan, Leyte. Died on March 7, 1963.

1901

Sedition Law, Act No. 292, is passed by the Philippine Commission to suppress agitations for Philippine independence.

3 November

2005-11-10T16:39:00.001+08:00

1762

Outbreak of the Pangasinan revolt under the leadership of Juan de la Cruz Palaris (born Pantaleon Perez). The revolt spreads to the towns of Mangaldan, Calasiao, Dagupan, San Jacinto, Sta. Barbara, Manaoag, Bayambang, Malasiqui, and Paniqui.

1882

Jose Rizal enrolls in the Universidad Central de Madrid.

1896

Execution of Honorato Onrubia y Herrera, Filipino official of the government lighthouse service, at Bagumbayan, Manila.

Dr. Jose Rizal arrives in Manila on board the transport "Colon" and is taken under custody to Fort Santiago.

1897

Consul Rounsevelle Wildman, of Hongkong, sends a confidential report to Washington relating to Felipe Agoncillo's proposal for a Filipino-American alliance directed against Spain. Agoncillo wants to buy 20,000 guns and 200,000 pounds of ammunition from the United States and expresses his willingness to meet with American leaders in Washington, if Wildman agrees.

1898

In a letter, Roque Lopez, leader of Panay patriots, urges Aniceto Lacson to arouse the Negros people to join the revolution.

1900

The port of Boac, the only port used in Marinduque during the Spanish regime, is closed to commerce by the American military authorities.

2 November

2005-11-10T16:39:00.000+08:00

1762

Dawsonne Drake assumes office as British Governor of the Philippines.

1 November

2005-11-10T16:37:00.000+08:00

1542

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos starts his expedition to the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico, later giving the same "Felipinas" to the archipelago, in honor of the crown prince, Don Felipe of Spain, afterwards known as Felipe II. He carries official instructions to colonize the Western Islands, establish trade relations, preach the Christian religion, and avoid going to the Moluccas in deference to Portuguese rights.

1565

The people of Mactan, conquerors of Magellan and his men, in 1521, continue to defy Spain. To subdue them, Legaspi sends an expedition under Master-of-Camp Mateo de Saez and Captain Martin de Goiti. This expedition puts Mactan to the torch. The people of Mactan retaliate by raiding the Spanish settlements in Cebu and burning more than 20 Spanish houses.

1849

Birth of Valentin Diaz, treasurer of the Katipunan, in Paoay, Ilocos Norte.

1856

Birth of Toribio Antillon, painter, in San Juan, La Union. Died on September 19, 1913.

1859

Macaturin Volcano, in Cotabato, erupts. This eruption is considered the longest in the Philippines, having lasted almost uninterruptedly, from November 1, 1859 to March, 1960,

1897

The Biyak-na-bata Republic is established. Its officials are Emilio Aguinaldo, President; Mariano Trias, Vice-President; Isabelo Artacho, Secretary of the Interior; Antonio Montenegro, Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Baldomero Aguinaldo, Secretary of Treasury, and Emiliano Riego de Dios, Secretary of War. Its constitution declares that the aim of the Revolution is "the separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and its formation into an independent state," and includes a bill of rights to safeguard the individual liberties of the people.

1898

Rev. Felixberto Suani, army captain, is authorized to organize secondary colleges in the Ilocos Provinces and to request the aid and cooperation of local officials.

1899

El Filipino, a newspaper edited by Manuel Artigas y Cuerva of the Republican Committee of Barcelona, is issued in that city.

1945

President Sergio Osmeña, Sr., signs Commonwealth Act No. 701, which appropriates P500,000 for the resumption of the activities and functions relative to the protection of early infancy, maternity, and childbirth. This act makes possible the reorganization of puericulture centers and maternity houses.

31 October

2005-10-31T15:25:00.000+08:00

1799

Rafael Maria de Aguilar, liberal governor, issues a decree prohibiting the exportation of small silver coins.

1870

Birth of Colonel Quintin Salas, Ilongo revolutionary leader and the last Visayan revolutionist to surrender to the Americans. Died on January 24,, 1917.

1877

Birth of Carlos Ronquillo, Tagalog writer and newspaperman, in Floridablanca, Pampanga. Died on October 18, 1941.

1896

The Madrid authorities receive a telegram from Hongkong informing them that the situation in the Philippines is becoming critical with the rapid spread of the Revolution.

Aguinaldo issues his first two manifestos from Kawit, Cavite. One entitled "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," in which he defines the aim of the revolution as the attainment of independence and another which announces the formation of a central revolutionary committee for the government of towns under the revolutionary government.

1917

Ramon Avanceña is appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court.

30 October

2005-10-27T15:25:00.000+08:00

1776

Death of Governor-General Simon de Anda y Salazar at the Hospital de San Felipe, Cavite.

1899

The new marriage law is proclaimed.

1913

Francis Burton Harrison appoints the following Filipinos to the new Commission: Victorino Mapa, Rafael Mapa, Vicente Ilustre, Jaime C. de Veyra, and Vicente Singson Encarnacion.

1919

Flag Day is declared by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison in accordance with Act No. 2871 of the Philippine Legislature, restoring the use of the Filipino flag.

29 October

2005-10-27T15:24:00.000+08:00

1866

Birth of Antonio Luna, doctor of pharmacy, writer, patriot, the greatest Filipino strategist during the Filipino-American War, in Binondo, Manila.

1875

A royal provision establishes the faculty of medicine and pharmacy and reorganizes the University of Santo Tomas.

1901

The position of Vice-Governor of each province is created.

28 October

2005-10-27T15:23:00.000+08:00

1575

Father Martin Rada, Augustinian, and Geronimo Martin arrive in the Philippines from China. With them are three Chinese captains, who bring a letter for the governor-general from the viceroy of Fukien asking for the surrender of Limahong, not knowing that the latter has long left the Philippines.

1888

Marcelo H. del Pillar leaves for Spain to evade persecution by the friars.

1896

Antonio Regidor requests his lawyer in Singapore to rescue Rizal as soon as the ss Colon reaches there from Barcelona.

1897

Aguinaldo calls field commanders to Biyak-na-Bato to decide on a course of action that will challenge Primo de Rivera's refusal to institute reforms. The "War Party," headed by Mamerto Natividad, votes to continue the struggle.

1931

Act No. 3827 is approved by the Philippine Legislature, declaring the last Sunday of August of every year as an official holiday known as National Heroes Day.

27 October

2005-10-27T15:22:00.001+08:00

1720

By royal decree, Philippine commerce with Nueva España is restricted to 300,000 to 500,000 pesos, and to certain products and manufactured articles, from which are strictly excluded all silken fabrics; the amount of money sent in return is limited to 600,000 pesos; citizens of Nueva España are strictly forbidden to send their own money to the Philippines and various precautions, restrictions, penalties provided. This decree was received at Manila on August 2, 1722.

1868

A decree of the superior civil government orders that pupils may attend school of primary instruction until the age of 18, voluntary beginning at the age of 14.

1899

The Revolutionary Government submits a proposal to send five commissioners to Manila to arrange the release of disabled Spanish prisoners and discuss peace conditions.

1922

Senate President Manuel L. Quezon is inducted into "Legionarios del Trabajo," a labor organization.

26 October

2005-10-27T15:22:00.000+08:00

1588

A projected revolt under Magat Salamat is dicoverered by the Spanish authorities.

1824

Manila is hit by a severe earthquake and a typhoon

1899

President McKinley sends the following message to the American Commissioners: "The cessation of hostilities must be of the whole archipelago or none. The latter is wholly inadmissible and the former must therefore be required."

1902

Father Aglipay publicly celebrates his first Mass as "Obispo Maximo" of the newly created church on Azcarraga Street corner Ylaya, in Tondo, Manila.

1913

Resurreccion Hidalgo, a great Filipino painter is buried in Barcelona.

1936

Creation of the Court of Industrial Relations to settle disputes between capital and labor.

1944

Simeon de Jesus, colonel of World War II, is arrested in Paco, Manila, by the Japanese military police and imprisoned at Fort Santiago.

25 October

2005-10-25T13:02:00.002+08:00

1593

The ship of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas is becalmed off Sulphur Point, Batangas. The Chinese rower's under their leader, P'an Ho-wu, mutiny and massacre the sleeping Spaniards, including the Governor.

1762

The officials and residents of Manila are compelled to take the oath of allegiance to King George III, of England.

1845

Sidewalks are ordered laid in Manila by Governor-General Narciso Claveria.

1896

The Academia Militar is founded in Malolos, Bulacan.

1902

Public Act No. 488 is approved appropriating P65,964.00 for the expenditures of civil governments of Mindoro, Batangas and Marinduque.

1944

Units of the American and Japanese naval forces flight in the Battle of Surigao Strait. The Americans are led by Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf.

24 October

2005-10-25T13:02:00.001+08:00

1852

Birth of Pedro Serrano Laktaw, teacher, lexicographer, in Cupang, Bulacan, Bulacan.

1857

Birth of Juan Luna, great Filipino painter and patriot. Died on December 7, 1899, in Hongkong.

1874

Birth of Rafael Palma, statesman, educator, scholar, newspaperman, historian and founder of La Independencia, the official newspaper of the Revolution. Died on May 24, 1939.

1898

The Burgos Institute, a school for boys in Malolos, Bulacan founded by Enrique Mendiola, is given official recognition as a secondary college by the government.

1902

Authority is conferred upon the Municipal Board of Manila to grant a franchise for the construction and operation of an electric light, heat and power plant.

23 October

2005-10-25T13:02:00.000+08:00

1896

Residents of Taal, Lemery, Calaca, and Bayungyungan rise in arms and try to cross the Pansipit river, by way of San Nicolas where the defending garrison is soon joined by reinforcements from Taal. The revolutionaries disperse after a brief skirmish.

1898

The Spanish garrison in Baler, Tayabas (now Quezon) capitulates after holding off for sometime an attack launched by about four hundred Filipinos. The attackers come from Pantabangan, Caranglan, and San Jose de Casiguran and are led by Teodorico Novico.

1944

The Commonwealth Government with President Sergio Osmeña, Sr., as President, is restored at Tacloban, Leyte, by General MacArthur.

Start of the four-day naval battle of Leyte Gulf during which much of Japan's remaining sea power is destroyed.

22 October

2005-10-25T12:59:00.001+08:00

1820

The bill on the freedom of the press, which provides for the establishment of a board to protect the press in Manila, is passed by the Spanish Cortes.

1897

The Central Revolutionary Committee is created in Hongkong.

1899

Felipe Calderon is asked by General Lawton to help in organizing San Isidro and other towns in the province of Nueva Ecija.

Apolinario Mabini, while vacationing in Rosales, Pangasinan, addresses a manifesto to the Filipino clergy urging them to organize a Filipino National Church.

1949

The cornerstone of the Capitol Building at Constitution Hill, Quezon City, is laid.

21 October

2005-10-25T12:59:00.000+08:00

1570

Legaspi reports to the Spanish King that Gonzalo Pereira, captain-general of the Portuguese, has again appeared at the Spanish settlement in the Port of Cebu and demolished its fortifications.

1887

In recognition of the progress made in Lipa, Batangas, a royal decree converts the town into a villa possessing special privileges.

1896

Camilio C. de Polavieja becomes Governor-General of the Philippines. The military courts become very active, and many Filipinos held as authors of the conspiracy are executed, among them Rizal; conflicts take place in the provinces of Manila, Bataan, Pampanga, and Batangas; publication of an amnesty and regiments of Filipino volunteers are organized.

1898

Gregorio Aglipay issues a letter to the Filipino clergy urging them to organize themselves into a cohesive body geared to the needs of the national emergency and to create a council which will ask the Pope to appoint Filipinos to all church positions from archbishop down to the lowest parish priest.

The 69th Regiment stationed in Mindanao joins the Revolution in the company of the Engineer corps and some convicts from the penal colonies.

1901

The Bureau of Archives is established to take charge of the public records of the Insular Government.

1939

Francis B. Sayre succeeds J. Weldon Jones as Governor-General of the Philippines.

1944

U.S. Carrier Task Force attacks Luzon and Visayas.

1946

President Manuel A. Roxas approves Republic Act No. 73, calling for a plebiscite on March 11, 1947 to decide on the acceptance or rejection of the proposed amendment, popularly known as "Parity Amendment."

20 October

2005-10-25T12:58:00.000+08:00

1582

A papal decree is issued for the foundation of an ecclesiastical province of the Dominican order in the Philippines.

1603

The Chinese retreat to the mountains of San Pablo, Laguna, and there make their last stand against the government forces consisting of 200 Spaniards, 300 Japanese, and 1500 Filipinos, under the command of Don Cristobal de Axqueta Moncha.

1863

Birth of General Artemio Ricarte "Vibora," revolutionary leader. Died on July 31, 1945.

1888

Inauguration of the first street-car service, pony-drawn, from Manila to Malabon, by Governor-General Valeriano Weyler.

1894

Andres Bonifacio presides over a meeting of Katipunan directors in Quiapo where Feliciano Jocson, treasurer of the Association, presents a record of the collections submitted to him by the representative-directors of the Supreme Council.

1898

Aguinaldo issues a decree appointing Fr. Gregorio Aglipay Military Vicar General thus makes Aglipay the official religious leader of the revolutionary government.

1906

An Act is approved for the election of the third member of provincial boards, and abolishing the position of provincial secretary.

The sum of P1,134,000 is appropriated for the construction of sewers in the City of Manila.

1944

A famous promise of General Douglas MacArthur, "I shall return" is fulfilled when he and President Sergio Osmeña land in Leyte with the U.S. forces.

19 October

2005-10-19T13:38:00.000+08:00

1852

The Spanish Queen issues a royal decree authorizing the return of the Jesuits to the Phippines to handle the missions in Mindoro and Jolo.

1856

Birth of Mariano Limjap, businessman and member of the Malolos Congress. Died on March 4, 1926.

1896

Antonio Luna is dismissed as director of the Municipal Laboratory of Manila because of his revolutionary activities.

1898

The Universidad Literaria de Filipinas, the seat of highest learning of the Republic, is established in Malolos, Bulacan, with Dr. Joaquin Gonzales as its first President. He is succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero.

General Elwell S. Otis writes the Secretary of War concerning actual conditions in the Philippines; "Situation somewhat improved. Influence of Filipinos of education and property not desiring independent government, by hostile to Spain, gaining ascendancy in revolutionary councils. Believe Spanish residents constantly plotting to inaugurate hostilities between our forces and Filipinos. Freedom of pres permitted, but greatly abused. Many articles published entirely devoid of truth; have no effect here. Filipino authority crude… Aguninaldo moderately recognized."

18 October

2005-10-19T13:37:00.000+08:00

1891

Jose Rizal boards the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hongkong.

1906

Timber and other forest products for use in the construction and equipment of certain railway lines in the Islands are exempted from internal revenue taxes.

1944

U.S. Carrier Task Forces launch a two-day attack on Northern and Central Philippines.

1950

The Philippine Politburo is smashed with the arrest of 23 top-ranking Filipino communists in Manila.

17 October

2005-10-19T13:36:00.000+08:00

1581

Bishop Domingo Salazar calls a council of various ecclesiastical dignitaries to discuss the liberation of Filipino slaves held by the Spaniards. This council assails the delay caused by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa and other civil officials, in the emancipation of Filipino slaves contrary to the King's order and declares "the freedom of the Filipinos can not be deferred as it is a matter of natural and divine right and clear justice."

1785

A Royal decree rules that the cabezas de barangay be elected if they preserve their Cabecerias and the collection of tributes.

1846

The Social Security, a voluntary association for social security, is founded.

1857

Birth of Dr. Maximo Viola, the friend of Rizal who is responsible for financing the publication of the Noli. Died on September 3, 1933.

1902

Father Gregorio Aglipay proclaims the establishment of a new religious sect in Manila to be known as the "Aglipayan Church." Aglipay formally separates himself from Rome and celebrates Mass as the "Obispo Maximo of the Philippine Independent Church."

1933

The Philippine Independence Act, otherwise known as the Hares-Hawes-Cutting Act, is rejected by the Philippine Legislature. Objections are made to the provisions of the law regarding American-Philippine Trade relations, which are disadvantageous to the Philippines and to the retention of naval reservations by the United States, a step which violates the national dignity and sovereignty.

16 October

2005-10-16T13:06:00.000+08:00

1844

Birth of Florentino Torres, jurist, and second chief justice of the Supreme Court, in Sta. Cruz, Manila. Died on April 29, 1927.

1897

General Primo de Rivera issues a decree calling for Filipino volunteers in all provinces of Luzon and the Visayas and in all districts of Mindanao. These volunteers must be able-bodied and between the ages of 18 and 50. They will be armed and equipped at the expense of the government and will receive reasonable salaries.

1899

Emilio Aguinaldo, after conferring with an assembly of public officials, writes Mabini seeking advice on the practicability of sending a new peace commission and the wisdom of insisting on complete independence or compromising on a protectorate.

1907

The first Philippine Assembly is inaugurated by the United States Secretary of War, William H. Taft.

1916

In accordance with the provisions of the Jones Law, the new Philippine Legislature, consisting of an upper and a lower house or Senate and House of Representatives, meets for the first time. Sergio Osmeña is elected Speaker of the House and Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Senate.

1918

Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison creates the Council of State by Executive Order No. 37, to secure cooperation and harmony between the Department and the Legislature. This body is composed of the Secretaries of Departments, the Senate President, and the Speaker of the House. Its function is to advise the governor-general on important matters.

1947

The Turtle Islands, part of the Philippines, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898 and leased by the Sultan of Sulu for many years to the British North Borneo Company is transferred to the Republic of the Philippines.

15 October

2005-10-15T13:06:00.000+08:00

1566

The vessel San Geronimo arrives at Cebu from New Spain. Sent to aid Legaspi, it saw hardship, mutinies, deaths, and other calamities and arrives in such a poor condition that no smaller vessel could be made from it. A number of its men die from eating too much cinnamon.

1866

Birth of Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, scholar, biographer, journalist, historian and bibliographer, in Tacloban, Leyte. Died on April 2, 1925.

1900

The sum of P1,000,000 is appropriated for the improvement of the Port of Manila, the Canal, and the Pasig River.

1901

The Taft Commission reports that "the insurrection" still continues in Batangas, Samar, Cebu and some parts of Laguna and Tayabas provinces.

1902

The Constabulary Band is organized by Captain Walker Loving.

14 October

2005-10-14T13:05:00.000+08:00

1825

Mariano Ricafort y Abarca assumes office as Governor-General of the Philippines. He forbids foreigners to sell goods at retail.

1896

Some 151 Filipinos board the s.s. Manila bound for Cartegena, from which point they are to be transferred to Fernando Poo, where, by order of Governor-General Blanco, they are to serve their sentence in exiles, by reason of their involvement in the Revolution.

1899

The Gaceta de Filipinas issues its last number. It started as El Heraldo de la Revolucion, the organ of the Revolutionary Government, the first number of which came out September 29, 1898 was changed successively to Heraldo Filipino, to Indice Oficial, and finally to Gaceta de Filipinos.

1943

Inauguration of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines with Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President.

The first foreign treaty concluded by the Philippine Republic, the Japan-Philippine Pact of Alliance providing for political and economic cooperation between Japan and the Philippines, and also for military cooperation, is signed in Malacañang.

13 October

2005-10-13T11:24:00.000+08:00

1868

Birth of Teresa Magbanua, the first woman in the Visayas to fight for Philippine independence. She died in August 1947.

1898

Juan Luna leaves Singapore on board the German steamer Sachsen for Hongkong to confer with the Hongkong Junta.

1930

Benigno Ramos releases printed newspaper, called The Sakdal. The original purpose of the Sakdalistas and their paper, is to accuse high government officials of acts which they declare to be detrimental to the country and the people.

12 October

2005-10-12T11:23:00.000+08:00

1868

Birth of General Mariano Trias, Revolutionary leader and Vice-President of the Revolutinary Government, in San Francisco de Malabon, now General Trias, Cavite. Died on February 22, 1914.

1894

The Boletin de Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas is founded by Pedro A. Paterno with the permission of the civil authorities.

1935

The Legislature meets in joint session and publicly counts the votes cast for the President and Vice-President of the Philippines, certifying the results to the Governor-General.

1947

Corregidor, which was occupied by the Japanese on May 6, 1942 and retaken by the Americans on March 2, 1945, is turned over to the Republic of the Philippines.

11 October

2005-10-11T10:44:00.000+08:00

1719

Governor-General Fernando de Bustamante is murdered in his palace by a mob led by friars.

1896

Governor-General Ramon Blanco issues a circular to all provincial governor outlining a "policy of attraction." He urges the provincial governors not to arrest persons unless there is serious evidence of guilt in order to impress the people with Spain's leniency and to restore tranquility and normal conditions.

1898

The Manila Times, the first American daily, founded by Thomas Gowan, starts publication.

1899

The transport Columbia arrives at Manila.

The Americans capture San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. President Aguinaldo transfers the capital of the Republic to Tarlac and, shortly thereafter, to Bayambang, the last capital of our independent government.

1900

In Manila a meeting is held between General Mariano Trias and the Japanese Consul who advises that Trias visit Japan. Many Filipinos believe that concessions which they might be forced to make to Washington would be more agreeable if made to Japan, as "a nation of kindred blood would not be likely to assert superiority". The Consul says Japan desires a coaling station and freedom to trade and build railways.

1944

U.S. Carrier Task Force attacks Aparri, Luzon.

10 October

2005-10-10T11:34:00.000+08:00

1660

Pampangos rise in revolt under the leadership of Francisco Maniego.

1762

General Downsonne Drake arrives in Manila to assume the post of Governor. At this time, Archbishop-Governor Antonio Rojo urges the religious not to abandon their convents and to leave in each of them at least six friars to minister to the spiritual needs of the people.

1890

The Grand Lodge of Spain urges every mason in the Spanish domains to induce the senators and representatives of Spain to work in favor of parliamentary representation in the Philippines.

1898

Upon orders of a military court, Apolinario Mabini is arrested in his house by a sergeant of the Guardia Civil Veterana and confined to the San Juan de Dios Hospital because of his illness.

Death of Teodoro Plata, one of the founders of the Katipunan. Born in the year 1866.

General Elwell S. Otis demands the removal of Filipino forces from Paco, Pandacan, and other points established by survey to be within the city limits.

1900

The Bureau of Mines is organized.

1901

The Revolutionary Committee in Hongkong asks for a constitutional convention.

1907

A new opium law is passed, prohibiting the use of the drug after March 1, 1908.

1922

Executive Order No. 54 is signed by Governor-General Leonard Wood creating a Committee of Arrangements for the ceremony of deliver of a copy of Juan Luna's Spoliarium painted by Juan Antonio Benlluire and a bronze bust of Juan Luna by Mariano Benlliure friends of Juan Luna in Rome (1880-1884), a project sponsored by Don Vicente Palmaroli, Consul General of Spain in the Philippines.

9 October

2005-10-09T11:17:00.000+08:00

1600

A solemn Eucharistic procession is held in Lumban, Laguna.

1623

A letter from the King directs Governor Alfonso Fajardo to push the exploration of the "Igorrote" mining region, and to send nutmeg from the islands of Nueva España.

1668

A mob of friars, army officers, and merchants, brandishing arms, upraised crucifixes, and lighted torches, led by Father Jose de Paternina, break into the governor's palace at night. Governor Diego de Salcedo, bound like a common criminal, is imprisoned first at the Franciscan and later at the Augustinian convent. His property is seized by his enemies, and the commissary takes possession of all his papers and valuable jewels.

1820

A general massacre by rioters of Chinese and other foreigners, including British, takes place in Manila and Cavite. Paul de la Gironiere, a French writer who witnesses the incident calls it the "Cholera Massacre."

1871

Birth of Tomas Mascarado, revolutionary general, in Kawit, Cavite. Died on July 7, 1932.

1898

General Thomas M. Anderson and his staff, while proceeding up the Pasig River in a steam launch, are ordered to return to the city by Filipino guards.

1899

American troops at Imus attack the Filipinos at San Nicolas, two miles east of Manila, and drive them from the road intersection there. Four men are slightly wounded. The enemy leaves six bodies on the field.

The Filipinos attack the American lines just outside Manila which consist of the Twenty-fifth Infantry and Battery E of the Fourth Artillery and which repulse the attack. Three Americans are wounded.

1934

A Committee of seven consisting of Manuel C. Briones, Filemon Sotto, Manuel A. Roxas, Conrado Benitez, Vicente Singson Encarnacion, Miguel Cuaderno, and Norberto Romualdez, is appointed to draft the Constitution of the Philippines.

8 October

2005-10-08T11:01:00.000+08:00

1762

Simon de Anda y Salazar makes Bacolor, Pampanga, the temporary capital of the Philippines in view of the British invasion of Manila.

1815

Suppression of the Manila-Acapulco trade carried on by galleons for over two centuries and popularly known as the Galleon Trade.

1897

Emilio Jacinto, the Brains of the Katipunan, writes his masterpiece, A La Patria (To My Fatherland), which was probably inspired by Rizal' Ultimo Adios.

1899

Upon orders of General Elwell S. Otis, Colonel Elliot and 300 marines attack the Filipinos outside Noveleta, Cavite, and carry the outposts and the town, while General Schwann takes Old Cavite and the approaches of Noveleta. The s.s. Patrol shells the countryside, but the marines are subjected to hot fire from the Filipinos.

1902

The Bureau of Education is established under the executive control of the Department of Public Instruction and the provinces organized into school districts with division superintendents taking charge.

1921

The Wood-Forbes Mission submits a report to President Harding on the lack of educated public opinion in the Philippines and the fact that the Filipino people are not prepared, either from an economic, or a military viewpoint, to assume the responsibilities of an independent nation.

7 October

2005-10-07T11:00:00.000+08:00

1846

Governor-General Claveria issues a decree against vagrants. Provincial authorities are asked to have these idlers rounded up and, after questioning, to employ them in public works for a month and then send them back to their hometowns.

1896

Death of Jacobo Zobel y Zangroniz, writer, businessman, pharmacist, paleographist, and philologist. Born in the year 1842.

6 October

2005-10-06T10:44:00.000+08:00

1762

Capitulation of Manila, with the British conquerors demanding payment of P4,000,000 indemnity from the Spanish government and the surrender of fortified areas in Manila, Cavite, and other places.

Vice-Admiral Samuel Cornish reports the success in the operations against Manila and gives accounts of his expedition.

Simon de Anda promulgates an order enjoining watchfulness on the part of the alcaldes-mayor. They are to forbid all passage to Manila, both of persons and supplies; are to deny aid to the British and all strangers under their jurisdiction; and are to arrest or kill all suspects

1868

Birth of Aurelio Tolentino, outstanding poet, novelist, dramatist, and journalist, in Guagua, Pampanga. Died on July, 1915.

1896

Dr. Jose Rizal is taken from Montjuich castle in Barcelona to the transport "Colon" to sail back to the Philippines. He is given a second class cabin and is held incommunicado.

1913

Francis Burton Harrison, assumes office as governor-general. He gives the Filipino citizens a majority in the appointive commission, and secures majority representation in the upper as well as in the lower house of the legislature.

5 October

2005-10-05T14:59:00.000+08:00

1762

Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo, acting governor-general, surrenders the city of Manila to the British invaders in order to end the slaughter of soldiers and civilians.

Simon de Anda issues his first proclamation in the town of Bulacan, naming himself Captain-General and Supreme Governor of the Philippines and President of the Real Audiencia in conformity with the provisions of law and by reason of the fall of Manila.

1847

A royal decree is issued changing the method of electing the town officials. Known as Municipal Election Law of 1847, it provides that the gobernadorcillo and other local officials are to be elected annually by an electoral board consisting of the outgoing gobernadorcillo, the ex-gobernadorcillos and the cabezas de barangay.

1889

The Queen Regent, favorably acting on a petition of Governor-General Weyler, raises Iloilo town to the rank of chartered city.

1894

El Album Militar, founded by Don Mariano de Ciria, is issued. It has sixteen pages and is sold at one peso a month to military officials, and comes out every ten days.

1913

The Instituto de Manila (later known as the University of Manila) is established.

1921

Leonard Wood starts his term of office as governor-general of the Philippines. Upon assumption of office, Governor Wood manifests his opposition to the independence aspirations of the Filipinos, and vetoes 16 bills passed by the Philippine Legislature. As a result, all the Filipino members of the Cabinet and the Council of States resigned en mass on 7 June 1923. This is known as the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923."

4 October

2005-10-04T14:47:00.000+08:00

1762

The British invaders smash all Spanish and Filipino opposition within and outside the Walled City.

Simon de Anda y Salazar, who promises to keep the islands for Spain, leaves Manila at 10 o'clock in the evening, setting of a small banca to Bulacan.

1806

Charles IV reduces tariffs on Philippine goods for a period of four years in order to encourage trade.

1863

Birth of Francisco Roman, tobacco manufacturer, revolutionary leader, hero of the battle of Caloocan, on February 28, 1899.

1890

The Fabrica de Cerveza de San Miguel, founded by D. Enrique Maria Baretto de Ycaza on March 4, 1890, is inaugurated.

3 October

2005-10-03T14:41:00.000+08:00

1603

The first Chinese revolt is quickly suppressed after many Filipinos from Quiapo and Tondo are killed.

1646

A Dutch-Spanish naval battle takes place off Corregidor ending in defeat for the Dutch.

1762

At dawn the Filipinos led by Manalastas, a Pampango leader, rush out of their encampment, and assault the British trenches in Manila. About 200 British soldiers are killed in the ensuing hand-to-hand combat.

Archbishop Antonio Rojo convenes a Council of War, for the purpose of deciding the issue of surrendering or continuing the seemingly hopeless struggle against the British troops.

1796

The S.S. Astrea, the first American trading vessel to reach the Philippines under Capt. Henry Price, calls at Manila and takes a cargo of indigo, hemp, pepper, and sugar for the United States.

1822

The three regular delegates to represent the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes are sworn into office: Francisco Bringas y Toranco, Vicente Posadas, and Manuel Saenz de Vizmanos.

1844

A Royal decree is implemented abolishing the privilege of provincial chiefs to engage in trade in view of the abuses which arise from this commercial privilege to the detriment of Filipinos and Spaniards alike.

1863

Birth of Candido Iban, one of the donors of a small printing press to the Katipunan and one of the 19 martyrs of Capiz.

1898

General Vicente Lukban returns to the Philippines from Hongkong, where he and other revolutionaries were exiled.

1899

A company of soldiers in blue jackets and a company of marines from the Baltimore land at Bacoor, nine miles south of Manila, to help General Grant clear the Filipino forces from his front.

1900

Apolinario Mabini, the "Brains of the Revolution," who was captured by American soldiers in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija in December, 1899, is released, upon orders of the American authorities, from imprisonment at the Anda Jail. He goes to live in Nagtahan. Destitute and unemployed, he is supported by his friends, Drs. Isidro de Santos and Aquilino Calvo.

1913

Enactment of the Underwood Tariff Law, which establishes free trade relations between the Philippines and the United States and abolishes Philippine export duties.

1916

General elections are held to choose the country's representatives to the newly established bicameral Philippine Legislature, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

1921

End of the term of office of Francis Burton Harrison as Governor-General of the Philippines.

2 October

2005-10-02T14:10:00.000+08:00

1568

Gonzalo de Pereira, Captain-Mayor of the Portuguese, once more appears in Cebu at the head of ten powerful ships demanding the complete evacuation of the Spaniards.

1863

Birth of General Rafael Crame, first Filipino chief of Constabulary, in Malabon, Rizal. Died on January 1, 1927.

1870

At the instance of the Minister of the Ultramar, Segismundo Moret, the royal ruler of Spain decrees that the Tagalog dialect be taught at the Central University of Madrid.

1899

The first elections are held under the Negros Constitution. Melecio Severino is chosen Civil Governor, the first provincial governor to be elected under the American flag.

Commander Cornwell sets out on a successful expedition to Orani, Bataan, a town near which the gunboat Urdaneta was sunk by the Filipinos. The Callao, Petrel, Helena, and Mindoro enter the river, and a party under Captain Franklin makes an examination of the Urdaneta, which is afterwards floated and repaired. The warships bombard Orani, setting the place on fire.

1900

The Cebuanos send to the Congress of the United States a Memorial, written by Juan Climaco, in favor of the Revolution and in which they beg the American Government to declare the Philippines independent. Those who signed the document were Florentino Rallos, Tomas Osmeña, Luis Flores, V. Toribio Padilla, P. Emiliano Mercado, P. Emiliano Veloso, Marcial Velez, Leoncio Mansueto, Timoteo Castro, Gregorio Gandiongco, P. Alejandro Espina, Juan Velez, Manuel Roa, Pedro Rivera Mir, Catalino Igno, Crispulo Rafols, the Director of La Justicia, Vicente Sotto, Alejandro Climaco, Amado Afable, Placido Cepeda, Anastacio Vidal, and many others.

1 October

2005-10-01T09:20:00.000+08:00

1762

Simon de Anda y Salazar is appointed lieutenant governor and captain-general by the Archbishop who does so in his capacity as governor and captain-general of the Philippines. Due to the British invasion, Anda leaves Manila and establishes capital in Bacolor, Pampanga, and proclaims himself governor.

1823

The King of Spain proclaims the abolition of the Spanish Cortes and the Constitution.

1839

The Professional School is founded. Accounting, business correspondence, mathematics, French, English, and other similar subjects are taught free of charge. The school is housed in the same building as the Nautical Academy.

1869

Manila is rocked by a strong earthquake.

1894

Inauguration of the Academy of Pedagogy, an association of well-trained teachers.

1898

The peace negotiations between Spain and the United States start. The knottiest problem confronting the commissioners is the disposal of the Philippines. To the Americans the Philippines is terra incognita; General Merritt and other officials familiar with the subject go to Paris to furnish the necessary information to the Peace Conference.

President McKinley receives Felipe Agoncillo in Washington.

Cayetano Arellano takes his oath of office for the portfolio of Foreign Affairs together with Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, who is sworn in as Director of Diplomacy.

1899

The new Filipino delegation headed by General Alejandrino, confers with American authorities.

1902

The Philippine Independent Church is established in the house of Francisca de Liza Vda. De Ocampo, at No. 54 Espeleta, Sta. Cruz, Manila, where ten Filipino secular priests, headed by Father Gregorio Aglipay, sign the Constitution of the new Church, which officially declares itself emancipated from the authority of the Roman Catholic Pope.

1906

The first convention of provincial governors of provincial governors is held in Manila.

1948

The first official census under the Republic is taken and its results are compiled by the Bureau of Census and Statistics. It is the first census to be taken by an all-Filipino staff, headed by Dr. Leon Ma. Gonzales. By special proclamation of the President, this day is designated as "Census Day."

30 September

2005-09-30T11:52:00.000+08:00

1617

Jeronimo de Silva arrives and takes charge of the military affairs of the Philippines. He wins a victory over seven Dutch vessels off Corregidor.

1639

A royal cedula is issued providing that the inspection, weighing, and measuring of merchandise on board the galleons must be resorted to only when complaints are made about cargo exceeding its legal value.

1876

Birth of Sofia R. de Veyra, social worker, educator, secretary of the Asociacion Feminista and director of the Woman's Board of Saint Paul's Hospital. Died on January 1, 1953.

1891

Dr. Jose Rizal, in his essay "Filipinas Dentro de cien años," which appears for the first time in La Solidaridad at Madrid, exhorts Spain to give more rights to Filipinos, or she will surely lose the Philippines.

1896

A royal order is issued committing Rizal, to the garrison of Alhucemas, where he is to stay as a deportee.

Skirmishes with Spanish forces takes place in Marikina, Muntinglupa and other points close to Cavite, with the Filipinos winning the engagements.

The revolutionaries of San Mateo and Bosoboso joining forces with those of Binangonan, attack Cainta, and capture all the weapons and ammunition in the town hall.

1962

President Diosdado Macapagal issues an executive order implementing R.A. 2717, otherwise known as the Electrification Administration Act, to provide electricity to every town and reduce the cost of electric power for industrial development.

29 September

2005-09-29T11:52:00.000+08:00

1762

Governor Rojo personally commands a surprise attack by 500 Filipinos and a number of Spanish residents on the British.

1898

The island of Burias is placed under the Revolutionary Government by General Ananias Diokno, its seat being in San Pascual.

The first number of El Heraldo de la Revolucion is issued at Malolos, Bulacan. As the official publication, of the Malolos Congress, it prints and publishes the decrees, proclamations, and accounts of the proceedings of the Congress.

The declaration of independence of the Philippines is ratified by the Revolutionary Congress at Malolos, Bulacan.

Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera is appointed honorary member of the Board of Health of Manila by General Elwell S. Otis.

1900

Mabini prepares a memorandum to General MacArthur stating that independence is the ideal nearest to the hearts of the great majority of the Filipinos, "with the limitations imposed by the Americans and accepted by the Filipinos."

1901

In retaliation for the attacks and threats made by the American soldiers on the people of Balangiga, Samar, the townspeople attack them while they are having breakfast at their quarters in the convent house, killing 45 soldiers and 3 officers.

28 September

2005-09-28T11:51:00.000+08:00

1678

Juan Vargas begins his administration as governor-general of the Philippines. He rebuilds the College of Santa Potenciana in Manila.

1762

Father Miguel Brañas, O.S.A., chosen by the Governor to lead the Filipino troops from San Fernando to Bangcusay, succeeds in bringing into the city new reinforcements composed of 1,000 Tagalogs and 4,000 Pampangos.

1898

The President of the provisional government of Albay, Anacleto Solano, sends a message of adhesion to General Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Philippine Republic.

1901

General Jacob H. Smith invades the province of Samar and carries out his famous order to burn and kill, evan children 10 years of age, and convert the unfortunate province into a "howling wilderness." This is the so-called "Balangiga Affair."

1910

Birth of Wenceslao Q. Vinzons, delegate to Constitutional Convention, governor of Camarinez Norte and patriot. He died on July 8, 1942.

1965

An eruption of Taal volcano kills about 2,000 persons, wipes out an entire barrio an destroys 10 other sitios.

27 September

2005-09-27T12:11:00.000+08:00

1800

A royal decree authorizes Admiral Ignacio Maria de Alava to establish a naval bureau in Manila with full command and jurisdiction of the navy in the Philippines. This bureau takes charge of the management of the Cavite shipyard, the construction of the vessel, and the naval defense of the Philippines.

1840

Birth of Cosme Abaya, a Roman Catholic Priest, one of the supporters of Father Jose Burgos in the secularization movement, in Candon, Ilocos Sur. Died on June 4, 1908.

1853

Birth of Benito Legarda, statesman, Vice-President of the Malolos Congress, member of the Philippine Commission, and one of the resident commissioners sent to the United
States. Died on August 27, 1915.

1865

Birth of General Malvar, farmer, businessman, Batangas revolutionary leader and the last general to surrender to the Americans. Died on October 13, 1911.

1965

The Miguel Malvar Centenary Year is celebrated under the sponsorship of the National Historical Commission.

26 September

2005-09-26T11:47:00.000+08:00

1762

Archers from Pampanga, Bulacan and Laguna are employed by the Spanish government against the British invaders but to no avail.

1890

Filipino residents in Madrid send a Memorial to the government protesting the abuses of the Spaniards and friars in Calamba.

1898

Gregorio Araneta is appointed Secretary of Justice and Felipe Buencamino, Secretary of Development of the Aguinaldo Cabinet.

The following leaders compose the Philippine military hierarchy: Emilio Aguinaldo, President; Baldomero Aguinaldo, Secretary of War; Antonio Luna, Director; Artemio Ricarted, Vito Belarmino, Emiliano Riegos de Dios – Generals of Division; Tomas Mascardo, Pantaleon Garcia, Mariano Llanera, Mariano Noriel, Isidro Torres, Miguel Malvar, and Paciano Rizal – Brigadier-Generals.

25 September

2005-09-25T10:55:00.000+08:00

1879

Birth of Lope K. Santos, foremost Tagalog grammarian, writer, labor leader and politician, founder of Taliban ng Inang Wika and Kapatirang Alagad ni Bonifactio, Inc., in Pasig, Rizal. Died on May 1, 1963.

1898

The Filipino Congress assembles in the church at Barasoain to perfect the organization of the Filipino government.

1902

President Roosevelt orders the formulation of the Philippine Census Office.

1903

Simeon Arboleda Ola, revolutionary leader of Guinobatan, Albay, surrenders to Colonel Harry H. Banholtz.

1943

The National Assembly of the Japanese occupation government holds a general session to elect its Speaker and the President of the Republic. Benigno A. Aquino, is chosen Speaker and Jose P. Laurel, President.

24 September

2005-09-24T10:48:00.000+08:00

1559

Convinced that the Philippines is situated within the Spanish zone marked out by the 1493 demarcation lines, Philip II, of Spain, decides to send one more expedition to the Philippines. He instructs the Viceroy of Mexico to fit out two ships for the purpose, insisting that the latter avoid sailing the ships to Moluccas.

1669

Manuel de Leon takes possession of the Philippines as new governor-general. During his time the seeds of "cacao" are brought to the Philippines and planted in Carigara, Leyte.

1716

Eruption of Taal Volcano

1762

After their demand for the surrender of Manila is rejected, the British troops attack and bombard the Walled City. From the bastion of San Diego and San Andres, Spanish guns retaliate throughout the day but without success. General Draper assures Filipinos and mestizos that they will not be harmed, unless they make common cause with the Spaniards in the fight, and promises to exempt women and children from tribute.

1856

Establishment of the town of Legazpi.

23 September

2005-09-23T10:41:00.000+08:00

1762

Two English officers land from the British squadron, which arrived on the 22nd, stating that they have orders from their King to take possession of the Islands and to demand the immediate surrender of the Spanish forces. Supported by naval artillery, they occupy the churches of Malate, Ermita, San Juan de Bagumbayan, and Santiago and all houses in the area.

1844

The Spanish King promulgates a royal order providing that only lawyers can be appointed alcaldes mayors.

1898

Felipe Agoncillo, special Philippine envoy, and his secretary Sixto Lopez, arrive in San Francisco on their way to Washington to confer with President McKinley regarding the Philippine case, which is to be discussed in the forthcoming peace conference in Paris.

Evacuation of all Spaniards residing in the Bicol region.

1899

Aguinaldo publishes his pamphlet, the ""True Narrative of the Philippine Revolution" (Reseña Verdica de la Revolucion Filipina) in Tarlac. It is a litany of charges against the American occupation.

1943

The National Assembly meet in inaugural session at the Legislative Building in Japanese-occupied Manila.

22 September

2005-09-22T10:20:00.000+08:00

1762

Spanish authorities in Manila are caught unaware by the arrival in Manila Bay of a British fleet jointly commanded by Admiral Samuel Cornish and General William Draper.

1774

By a royal decree the Beaterio de Santa Rosa is founded. Mother Paula de la Santisima Trinidad, a native of Cataluña, who arrived in 1750, dedicates herself to the education of girls and starts this foundation. The girls are taught reading and sewing.

1898

The Filipinos capture Albay, then march to Legazpi, forcing the Spaniards to flee.

Some 1,500 Tagalogs land in Antique, bringing with them heavy artillery.

21 September

2005-09-21T10:15:00.000+08:00

1745

A Dominican friar, Juan de Arrechedera, a native of Caracas, and bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia, becomes ad interim governor of the Philippines. He quells the insurrection in Batangas and fortifies Manila and Cavite against the English.

1869

Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre entertains Filipinos at a reception in honor of the promulgation of the new Spanish Constitution in the Philippines.

1891

The Sultan and Datus of Buloung, Cotabato, inform the Spanish authorities that they are willing to acknowledge Spanish rule in their territories. The offer is accepted by the Military Commander of the Parang garrison, thus completing the pacification of the entire district.

1896

Tomas Remigio is arrested by the Spanish authorities because of his revolutionary activities. He is sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment and incarcerated in Barcelona and, later, in Cartagena, Spain.

1898

Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, who is in favor of a Philippine Republic under American protection, says that he is the most ardent defender of that idea and its principal propagandist.

1899

General John C. Bates returns from Jolo after having stationed garrisons of one company each at Siasi and Tawi-Tawi.

1901

All Filipino prisoners in Guam, except Apolinario Mabini, his brother, Artemio Ricarted, and Aquilino Randeza, board the transport "Warren" and sail for Manila.

1944

American planes in great numbers bomb Japanese military installations in Manila and other parts of the Philippines.

20 September

2005-09-20T09:56:00.000+08:00

1763

Execution of Josefa Gabriela Silang, leader, after her husband Diego of a bloody revolt.

1855

A royal order is issued creating the Port of Zamboanga.

1898

Birth in Dingras, Ilocos Norte, of Josefa Escoda, social worker provider of food, clothing, medicine, and comfort to Filipino and American prisoners of war during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Died in January, 1945.

1907

Twenty miles of railway are opened for traffic in Cebu.

1924

Canonical coronation of the Virgin of Peñafrancia in Naga City.

1943

The election of the delegates to the Japanese-sponsored National Assembly takes place. One half of them are elected by provincial and municipal officials, who have to choose from the names submitted by the KALIBAPI. The other half is composed of provincial governors and city mayors, who under the new Constitution, are to be ex-officio members of the assembly.

19 September

2005-09-19T11:21:00.000+08:00

1829

Birth of Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, lawyer, doctor of Jurisprudence, professor and councilor of Administration of the Ayutamiento of Manila. Died on March 19, 1884.

1862

The Royal Commissary is created to undertake an extensive survey of conditions in the Philippines, particularly the problems besetting local civil administration.

1900

The Philippine Commission adopts a civil service system which makes appointments to government service dependent on the results of competitive tests.

18 September

2005-09-18T14:12:00.000+08:00

1864

The Santa Isabel College, which was founded by the Hermandad de la Misericordia in 1634 for the support and education of orpan girls, is entrusted to the Sisters of Charity.

1870

The Colegio de Santa Isabel in Nueva Caceres, is founded by Rt. Rev. Francisco C. Cainza and named after Saint Isabel Queen of Hungary.

1891

El Filibusterismo a second novel by Jose Rizal, is printed in Ghent, Belgium.

1898

End of the Spanish politico-government in Catanduanes.

1902

A group of Nacionalistas confer with Governor Taft about the formation of a Democratic Party which will work peacefully for the independence of the Philippines.

1905

Arsenio Cruz Herrera, former delegate to the Malolos Congress, resigns from his position as member of the Municipal Board of Manila.

1935

The election of Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña as President and Vice-President, respectively of the Commonwealth of the Philippines is announced by the Congress.

17 September

2005-09-17T09:29:00.000+08:00

1871

Birth of General Francisco Makabulos, Revolutionary leader in La Paz, Tarlac. Died on April 30, 1922.

1898

Uprising of the Guardia Civil in Neuva Caceres.

1899

The gunboat Urdaneta is captured by the Filipinos and her commander and members of the crew killed.

1900

General Juan Cailles defeats Coronel Cheatham's troops in the Battle of Mabitac, Laguna

1901

The tariff laws of the Islands are revised, readjusted and amended.

1935

The first election under the new constitution of the Philippines is held. Manuel L. Quezon is elected President of the Commonwealth.

1944

Mindanao and Visayas, besides Legaspi and Ligao, both in Albay, experience air attacks from the American forces.

16 September

2005-09-16T09:09:00.000+08:00

1635

Death, in Manila, of Fr. Pedro Chirino, Jesuit, historian and author of Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, published in Rome, 1604, and one of the first history books on the Philippines.

1807

The Ilokanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte, take up arms against the wine monopoly and the government prohibition of the manufacture of basi\, a native rice wine. The uprising was afterwards to be known as the Basi Revolt.

1896

Twenty-two prominent residents of Manila are imprisoned at Fort Santiago. They are Rosario Villaruel, Telesforo Chuidian, Mariano Limjap, Luis R. Yangco, Lorenzo del Rosario, Pedro Casimiro, Ambrosio Salvador, Bonifacio Arevalo, Maximo Paterno, Antonio Salazar, Juan Luna, Antonio Luna, Dr. Jose Luna, Isidro Soto Villaruel, Felipe Zamora, Numeriano Adriano, Ambrosio Flores, Dr. Jose Albert, Isaac Fernando Rios, Marcelino de los Santos, Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista, Nazario Constantino.

A reign of terror takes place in the town of Nueva Caceres (now Naga City).

1898

Benito Legarda is elected Vice-President of the Malolos Congress.

1933

The first bishop of the newly created Diocese of Bacolod, Mons. Casimiro M. Lladoc, is consecrated at Naga, Camarines Sur.

15 September

2005-09-15T08:52:00.000+08:00

1898

Representatives of the provinces meet at Barasoain Church, in Malolos, Bulacan, and convene the revolutionary Congress, which drafts the Constitution of the First Philippine Republic.

La Republica Filipina, founded by Pedro A. Paterno, starts publication.

The Filipino forces withdraw, as requested by General Otis, from the limits of the city of Manila, with exception of the districts of Paco and Pandacan, south of the Pasig river.

1902

The Government telegraph and telephone lines are transferred from the United States Signal Corps to the Civil Government and placed under the charge of the chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

14 September

2005-09-14T08:39:00.000+08:00

1592

A royal decree is issued prohibiting the Governors and the Captain-General from opening letters addressed to private persons.

1608

Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu writes Governor Rodrigo de Vivero that in Japan, there are neither robbers nor bad men and that if the Japanese in the Philippines commit any form of injustice, Governor Vivero should put them to death.

1815

The historic galleon trade between the Philippines and Mexico is ended.

13 September

2005-09-13T11:03:00.000+08:00

1898

Emilio Aguinaldo sends General Elwell S. Otis a commission of three members to request the American commander to withdraw his ultimatum and to request, instead, compliance with Filipino demands.

1900

Colonel Maximo Abad and his brave band of Filipino guerillas capture a company of American soldiers under the command of Captain James Shields near Santa Cruz, Marinduque.

1907

Macario L. Sakay and Lucio de Vega, the last of the Filipino resistance fighters against the Americans, are hanged for "banditry".

12 September

2005-09-12T12:25:00.000+08:00

1720

The cornerstone of the church of Santa Ana, Manila, is laid by Francisco de la Cuesta, Archbishop of Manila.

1875

Birth of Mariano Riego de Dios, revolutionary leader, in Maragondon, Cavite. Died on February 7, 1935.

1891

Dr. Jose Rizal writes the poem En el Bello Oriente.

1896

Thirteen Filipinos are executed by the Spanish authorities at Plaza de Armas, near Fort of San Felipe, Cavite City. They are Maximo Inocencio, Luis Arguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio. They are now know as the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite.

1898

End of Spanish rule in Camarines Norte.

American officials inform their government that it is no longer possible for Spain, under any circumstance, to regain possession of the Philippines, a point that is essential in determining whether a new, independent nation should be recognized.

1900

The Philippine Commission appropriates P2 million for the construction and repair of roads and bridges in the Philippines.

1907

An Act is passed providing for the segregation of lepers.

11 September

2005-09-11T12:55:00.000+08:00

1632

The authorities of the city of Manila decide to prohibit the entry of all Portuguese from Macao.

1894

Birth of Concepcion A. Aguilla, educator, lawyer, in San Jose, Batangas. She died on December 16, 1958.

10 September

2005-09-10T12:25:00.000+08:00

1763

Gabriela Silang fights a battle with the Spaniards in Vigan.

1875

Birth of Nicolas Zamora, founder of the Iglesia Evangelica Metodista de las Islas Pilipinas.

1898

The capital of the Revolutionary Government moves to Malolos, Bulacan, from Bacoor, Cavite, in view of the danger of an armed clash between the American forces and the revolutionaries.

The American Soldier, a privately owned American newspaper in the Philippines founded by George S. Geis, publishes its first issue in Manila.

American forces reconnoiter the vicinity of Sampaloc provoking General Pantaleon Garcia, who holds this particular line of defense, to report the matter to General Aguinaldo. He is ordered to ask the Americans to leave and to prepare to defend his line against any intrusion.

With the Americans reportedly pressing forward north of the river towards Caloocan and La Loma, Aguinaldo authorizes resistance to secure these positions.

Howard Bray writes Emilio Aguinaldo that General Merritt has intimated to him that the Revolutionary Government should occupy Visayas and Mindanao.

9 September

2005-09-09T12:21:00.000+08:00

1835

Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona, native of Ibrillos (Rioja), Spain, and military officer, becomes ad interim governor. He endeavors to develop the cultivation of cotton and tea in the Philippines, but the experiment did not produce material result.

1878

Birth of Sergio Osmeña, Sr., journalist, nationalist, Speaker of the First Philippine Assembly and second President of the Commonwealth, in Cebu. Died on October 19, 1961.

1900

Emilio Aguinaldo invites the townpeople to a luncheon-meeting at the convent of Palanan and speaks to them of their patriotic duties especially with regards to the Americans.

8 September

2005-09-08T12:21:00.000+08:00

1869

Birth of Vicente Ilustre, poet lawyer, propagandist, and patriot, in Taal, Batangas. He died in 1928.

1870

Birth of Adriano Hernandez, musician, delegate to the Malolos Congress, revolutionary general and first Filipino director of the Bureau of Agriculture (now Bureau of Plant Industry). Died on February 16, 1925.

1896

The steamer Isla de Panay, with Dr. Jose Rizal on board, reaches Singapore on its way to Spain and Cuba. Pedro Roxas, a Filipino revolutionary asks Rizal to leave the vessel and join him.

Upon learning of Rizal's history as a radical, the Council of Ministers in Madrid decides to have him imprisoned at Montjuich Castle as soon as he arrives in Barcelona.

1898

General Otis demands the withdrawal of Filipino forces from the entire city of Manila, its suburbs, and defenses.

1902

The Philippine Commission certifies to the President of the United States that peace exists in the Philippines.

The war between the Philippines and the United States is officially declared at an end, but the law against treason and sedition is not repealed.

1950

The diocese of Lucena, Quezon, is established.

1951

The San Francisco Peace Treaty between Japan and 48 Allied Powers, including the Philippines, is signed in San Francisco, California.

1954

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is organized with the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines as members.

7 September

2005-09-07T12:19:00.000+08:00

1522

Sebastian del Cano arrives at San Lucar de Barrameda with only 18 men after sailing three years with Magellan.

1626

Death of Blas de la Madre de Dios, a Franciscan father, founder of the town of Morong, Rizal, and author of Flora de Filipinas, a dissertation on the medicinal properties of plants in the Philippines.

1840

Birth of Regino Garcia y Basa, artist, botanist and forester, instructor in printing at the University of Santo Tomas and director of walks and gardens and parks for Manila. Died on July 16, 1916.

1946

President Manuel A. Roxas signs RA. No. 14 which changes the name of Tayabas to Quezon, in honor of the late President Quezon.

6 September

2005-09-06T12:20:00.000+08:00

1834

A royal decree opens the Philippines and Manila to international trade.

A royal decree abolishes the Royal Company of the Philippines which was created to encourage trade between Spain and Asian countries, particularly the Philippines and sought to stimulate the development of agriculture and extractive industries, and to carry on its ships, free of charge, professors of natural sciences and exact science coming to the Philippines. The company also bought oriental goods in Manila instead of buying them as it should have, in China or India directly in order to bring down prices. European vessels were allowed to enter Manila for a limited time so that they could bring more Asian goods, which was clear violation of Spain's monopolistic policy. Towards the end of its existence the company suffered financial losses. Because of this the Cortes abolished the company's exclusive privilege in 1820, and abolished the company itself on this date.

1900

Emilio Aguinaldo and his party arrive at Palanan and are enthusiastically welcomed by a large crowd and a brass band.

1901

By virtue of the Philippine Bill of 1902, the organization of the executive department is approved and ratified.

1955

The Laurel-Langley Agreement is approved by both the American and Philippine Governments following its conclusion by Senator Jose P. Laurel and James M. Langley on 15 December 1954. It is put into effect on 1 January 1946

5 September

2005-09-05T12:55:00.000+08:00

1843

A royal decree declares that the central government of the Philippines is composed of Manila, Fort Santiago, Fort San Antonio Abad and the Plaza de Cavite.

1865

A royal decree establishes the government monopoly on tobacco.

4 September

2005-09-04T12:50:00.000+08:00

1813

Jose Gardoqui Jaraveita arrives in Manila and assumes the governorship of the Philippines. Several political uprisings occur, causing the government a great deal of trouble and worry.

1862

Birth of Rosalio Silos, musician composer, patriot and martyr. Died on December 29, 1896.

1896

The first of a series of executions at the Luneta is ordered by the Spanish government. Sancho Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento, and Ramon Peralta are killed for complicity in the battle of San Juan del Monte.

1898

Emilio Aguinaldo issues an executive proclamation summoning the people to send delegates to the Congress to be held in Malolos, Bulacan, on 15 September.

1909

The first Filipino ever to be raised to an Episcopal seat, Bishop Jorge Barlin Imperial, of the See of Nueva Caceres, dies in Rome.

1943

In the thick of World War II, the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence headed by Dr. Jose P. Laurel adopts a Constitution for the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines.

3 September

2005-09-03T12:36:00.000+08:00

1894

Birth of General Simeon de Jesus, hero of World War II, in Arayat, Pampanga.

In Concepcion, Tarlac, birth of Benigno A. Aquino, lawyer, assemblyman and special Legislative envoy to Washington in 1932. Died on December 20, 1947.

1896

En route to Cuba Dr. Jose Rizal is transferred from the Spanish cruiser Isla de Panay and sails for Spain via Singapore.

1898

La Independencia, the periodical organ of the Revolution, is founded by General Antonio Luna, with Leon Ma. Guerrero, Cecilio Apostol, Jose Palma, Mariano V. del Rosario, Rosa Sevilla, Rafael Palma, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Salvador V. del Rosario, and Felipe G. Calderon as staff members.

1899

The Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem are first published in La Independencia.

Filipino police begin to patrol the city of Manila in cooperation with the provost guard. The new force includes many members of the old unit as well as some revolutionaries grown tired of fighting.

1945

General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the so-called "Tiger of Malaya" and Commander of the Japanese forces in the Philippines, formally surrenders in Baguio to the American forces.

The capitulation document for the surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces is signed by Yamashita and, on the part of the United States, by Major-General E. H. Leahey, personal representative of General Douglas MacArthur, in Tokyo.

2 September

2005-09-02T13:00:00.000+08:00

1559

King Philip II, on the advice of Andres de Urdaneta, orders Luis de Velasco, viceroy of Mexico, to prepare an expedition for the conquest and Christianization of the Philippines.

1802

Birth of Rosalio Serrano, surveyor and lexicographer. Died August 11, 1867.

1865

Birth of Simeon Ola, Katipunero, revolutionary army officer and municipal president of Guinobatan, Albay. Died on February 14, 1952.

Birth of Estanislao de los Reyes, member of the Katipunan and governor of Ilocos Sur. Died on November 10, 1918.

1896

The revolutionary forces of Nueva Ecija, two thousand strong and led by General Mariano Llanera, besiege the Spanish garrison of San Isidro. Theirs leaders are on horseback, the revolutionaries were red ribbons and parade down the main roads to the music of the Cabiao band.

Melchora Aquino, known as "Tandang Sora," is exiled to Guam for complicity with the Revolution.

1898

The First Battalion of the First Dakota Volunteer Infantry, disembarks at Manila.

1899

The revolutionaries make an unsuccessful attempt early in the morning to drive Colonel Smith's command out of Angeles with artillery, the first time in six months that they have attempted to use this weapon. They bring two Krupp guns from Porac and fire eight shells at the town.

1901

The Bureau of Public Lands is created for the administration of the public domain.

1945

The Pacific War ends as Japan formally surrenders.

1 September

2005-09-01T12:33:00.000+08:00

1793

Rafael Maria de Aguillar y Ponce de Leon, Knight of the Order of Alcantara, and a military officer, assumes governorship of the Philippines. He strengthens fortifications, calls into service Filipino troops, introduces various reforms, and establishes a shipyard at Binondo to build boats for war with the Muslims.

1803

A royal decree is issued by King Charles IV ordering the use of smallpox vaccine in the Philippines. The office of Smallpox Vaccine is created by another decree, that of December 20, 1806.

1865

Founding of the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.

1869

Birth of Alejandro Albert, educator, pharmacist and the "Father of Baseball" in the Philippines. Died on December 20, 1936.

1888

The Revista Popular de Filipinas is published by Pascual H. Poblete.

1896

Dr. Pio Valenzuela submits to the Spanish authorities after having failed to see the chief executive in Malacañang. He is granted executive pardon; and freely discloses information concerning the Katipunan, its codes, its plans, and the identity of its leading members.

The leaders of Kawit, Cavite, join the Imus bolomen under Jose Tagle in attacking and capturing the estate house of the friars and barracks of the civil guards in Imus.

1899

The Boletin de la Camara de Commercio Española en Filipinas is published.

1900

Its preliminary task as a fact-finding committee having come to an end, the Taft Commission begins its legislative and executive functions.

1901

Three outspoken pro-American Filipinos – Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, Sr., and Jose Luzuriaga are appointed members of the Philippine Commission.

Four members of the Commission are made heads or secretaries of the Executive Departments by the President of the United States. These are: for Commerce and Police, Luke E. Wright; for Finance and Justice, Henry C. Ide; for Public Instruction, Bernard Moses; and for Interior, Dean S. Worcester.

El Renacimiento, an anti-American daily, is published with Martin Ocampo as publisher and Rafael Palma as editor.

The Philippine Normal College, established as a Normal School by Act No. 74 of the Philippine Commission, opens in the Escuela Municipal, Intramuros, Manila.

The Philippine Constabulary detachment for Ambos Camarines is organized by Captain Edward S. Luthi and quartered in Nueva Caceres.

1909

The City of Baguio is founded.

1950

President Elpidio Quirino appoints Ramon Magsaysay Secretary of National Defense.